AREDS vs AREDS2: What Changed and Why
Abstract The original Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) established that high-dose antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E, β‑carotene) plus zinc and copper reduced the 5‑year risk of progre...
Complement Pathway in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Explained
Abstract The complement system is a central component of innate immunity that bridges pathogen recognition, inflammation, and clearance of cellular debris. Dysregulation of complement activation ha...
Abstract Geographic atrophy is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by progressive loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), overlying photoreceptors, and chorio...
Ferroptosis in Retinal Disease: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications
Abstract Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death characterized by accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and failure of antioxidant defenses, particularly glutath...
Dry vs Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Dry vs Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mechanisms, Progression, and Treatment Landscape (2026 Review) Abstract Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of irreversible v...
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Nutritional Science, and Emerging Research (2026 Scientific Review) What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Age-related macu...