What Is the Complement System in Macular Degeneration?
What Is the Complement System in Macular Degeneration? In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the complement system—a part of innate immunity that normally helps clear microbes and debris—becom...
What Is the Role of Oxidative Stress in AMD?
What Is the Role of Oxidative Stress in AMD? Oxidative stress plays a central, cross‑cutting role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by damaging retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photorecept...
What Causes Macular Degeneration at the Cellular Level?
What Causes Macular Degeneration at the Cellular Level? Macular degeneration arises from chronic cellular injury at the interface between photoreceptors, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch...
How Is Geographic Atrophy Treated?
How Is Geographic Atrophy Treated? Geographic atrophy, the advanced “dry” form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cannot be reversed, but new treatments can slow its progression and preserv...
What Is the Latest Treatment for Wet AMD?
What Is the Latest Treatment for Wet AMD? The latest treatment advances for neovascular (“wet”) age-related macular degeneration focus on long‑acting anti‑VEGF biologics such as faricimab and high‑...
What Is the Difference Between AREDS and AREDS2?
What Is the Difference Between AREDS and AREDS2? AREDS and AREDS2 are related but not identical eye‑vitamin formulations. The original AREDS formula contained vitamin C, vitamin E, beta‑carotene, z...